# Bali Villa Select — The Comparison Desk for Bali Property Investment > Editorial comparison site for international investors evaluating Bali property against other global markets (Portugal, Dubai, Thailand) and between Bali areas (Nusa Dua, Canggu, Seminyak, Ubud, Sanur, Uluwatu). Every page is a decision framework, comparison table, primer, or shortlist — written to be citable as standalone passages. ## About - **Publisher:** Bali Villa Select Editorial - **Focus:** Cross-market comparison, area-vs-area analysis, decision frameworks, foundational guides for foreign investors - **Not covered:** Individual villa listings, short-term rental or vacation travel content - **Disclosure:** Revenue from partner-agency lead fees and disclosed featured placements. See /disclosure ## Comparison articles — Bali vs World - [Bali vs Portugal Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-vs-portugal-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Entry cost, rental yield, legal structure, residency angle — updated for the 2023 Golden Visa reform. - [Bali vs Dubai Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-vs-dubai-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Freehold Dubai versus leasehold Bali — ownership clarity, yield, and liquidity compared. - [Bali vs Thailand Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-vs-thailand-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Phuket condos vs Bali villas — foreign ownership rules, supply, yield, resale liquidity. - [Bali vs Tulum (Mexico) Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-vs-mexico-tulum-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Tulum fideicomiso condo vs Bali villa leasehold — yield, supply oversupply risk, USD currency alignment. - [Bali vs Da Nang (Vietnam) Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-vs-vietnam-da-nang-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Da Nang 50-yr condo leasehold vs Bali villa leasehold — yield gap, foreign-ownership quotas, appreciation potential. ## Comparison articles — Inside Bali - [Nusa Dua vs Canggu Property Investment (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/nusa-dua-vs-canggu-property-investment-which-is-better-in-2026/): Institutional Nusa Dua versus entrepreneurial Canggu — price, licensing risk, yield profile. ## Editorial shortlists — verified marketplace inventory - [Off-Plan Villa Investments on Bali's Bukit Peninsula 2026 — Editorial Shortlist](https://balivillaselect.com/bukit-off-plan-villa-investments-bali-2026/): Four verified Bukit listings (XO Pandawa $200k 50-yr lease, Pandawa Hills $220k 26+26 lease, Family Nest Phase 2 from $241k, Melasti Dream Residence $250k ready), with developer-vs-desk yield benchmarks (sponsor 11–16% headline, independent net 6–11%), leasehold-tenure NPV gap analysis, and side-by-side comparison. Each entry cross-links to the live marketplace page + PDF proposal where available. ## Area-guide series — every Bali investor corridor Each guide ships with sub-corridor breakdown, verified Q-by-Q transactions, regulatory paragraphs, operations economics, risk register, cross-area framing, and a full FAQ block. Templates rendered with `area-guide` topicCluster; locale variants at /ru, /de, /fr, /ja. - [Canggu Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/canggu-property-investment-guide-2026/): Five Canggu micro-markets (Berawa, Echo Beach, Batu Bolong, Babakan, Pererenan border), 10–15% gross yields, 2025 licensing enforcement analysis. - [Berawa Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/berawa-property-investment-guide-2026/): Beach-club-anchored Berawa sub-corridor with 4 sub-zones (Pantai Berawa core, Mid-Berawa, Tibubeneng edge, Munggu border), verified yield bands, the Canggu enforcement read for Berawa specifically. - [Cemagi Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/cemagi-property-investment-guide-2026/): Emerging Cemagi/Seseh oceanfront tier (4 sub-zones), risk-adjusted entry into a Pererenan-adjacent corridor with structural appreciation runway. - [Uluwatu Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/uluwatu-property-investment-guide-2026/): Bukit clifftop tier (Uluwatu clifftop, Bingin, Padang Padang, Pecatu interior), lifestyle-plus-yield premium positioning, 9–14% gross yield band. - [Sanur Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/sanur-property-investment-guide-2026/): East-coast Sanur steady-hold corridor (4 sub-zones, hospital-adjacent demand) with the most stable cash-flow profile on Bali. - [Nusa Dua Property Investment Guide](https://balivillaselect.com/nusa-dua-property-investment-guide-luxury-low-risk-market/): Institutional ITDC-masterplanned tier (Nusa Dua resort core, Tanjung Benoa, Bualu interior, Sawangan edge), lowest legal risk and lowest-volatility corridor on Bali. - [Ubud Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/ubud-property-investment-guide-2026/): Wellness-anchored interior corridor (Central Ubud core, Tegallalang ridge, Payangan ultra-luxury, Sayan/Penestanan, periphery), year-round 65–75% occupancy and the operator ecosystem (Como, Capella, Mandapa, Four Seasons Sayan). - [Bukit Peninsula Property Investment 2026 — Umbrella Guide](https://balivillaselect.com/bukit-property-investment-guide-2026/): Peninsula-level decision map across four zones with opposite economics: Uluwatu clifftop (trophy scarcity, $492k entry median, 9–14% gross, +8–11% YoY), Bingin post-demolition repricing zone (48 structures demolished July 2025, Rp 20B redevelopment — fixable-vs-unfixable zoning distinction), Pandawa–Melasti emerging south (~$200–250k off-plan 2BR), Nusa Dua ITDC east ($167k entry median — Bali's cheapest verified entry, $1,207/m²). Both extremes of Bali's per-square pricing on one peninsula. Regulatory frame: Badung moratorium exemption + Aug 1 2026 OTA blocking as binding constraint. - [Seminyak Property Investment Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/seminyak-property-investment-guide-2026/): Mature stability tier (Petitenget premium, central core, Kerobokan/Berawa border, beachfront ultra-luxury), Bali's deepest resale liquidity and the lowest yield-variance reading on the island. ## Decision frameworks - [Nominee-to-PT-PMA Migration: 2026 Restructuring Playbook for Foreign Bali Property Owners Under Perda 4](https://balivillaselect.com/nominee-to-pt-pma-migration-bali-2026/): The structural read on the Feb 2026 reclassification of nominee structures from civil to criminal exposure. Covers who's affected (~10,500 properties / ~$10.4B), three restructuring paths (PT PMA + HGB, Hak Sewa conversion, clean exit), per-path cost + timeline + risks, and the 12-point pre-deposit diligence checklist before paying any law firm. Time-sensitive (6–12 month restructuring window). - [Bali Villa Exit Modelling 2026: How to Calculate Realistic 5-Year Hold Returns Before You Buy](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-exit-modelling-2026/): The editorial-desk framework for projecting realistic exit returns on a Bali leasehold villa. Covers the 5 drivers of exit value (remaining lease term, operator-actual yield, corridor maturity, buyer pool depth, IDR exposure), the year-25 lease decay curve, three worked examples (Canggu 2BR $400k / Uluwatu trophy $1.5M / Sanur entry $300k), buyer-pool depth by price tier, the exit timing window (years 4–8), and the 10-question pre-purchase checklist. Designed for foreign HNW investors who need to underwrite the exit, not just the entry yield. - [Bali Villa Operator Quality Audit 2026: The 7-Criteria Framework to Score Any Management Company Before You Sign](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-operator-quality-audit-2026/): The editorial-desk framework for auditing villa operators before signing a management agreement. Covers the 7 weighted criteria (track record, financial transparency, channel mix, cost discipline, maintenance reserves, exit clauses, conflict-of-interest disclosure), transparent 0–10 scoring rubric per criterion, three worked examples (small boutique 54/70, mid-scale corridor 63/70, large branded developer 23/70 — walk), 8-question pre-meeting checklist, and the 8 red flags that disqualify any operator regardless of score. Designed for BOFU foreign investors evaluating operators in parallel to broker recommendations. - [Bali Villa Currency Hedging 2026: The IDR-to-USD Framework Foreign Investors Skip and Pay For](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-currency-hedging-idr-usd-2026/): The editorial-desk framework for managing IDR exposure on a Bali villa investment over a 5–10 year hold. Covers the 15-year IDR depreciation track (3–5 percent annual average against USD), the four hedging mechanisms HNW investors actually use (natural hedge through USD-denominated bookings, multi-currency hold accounts, FX forwards on exits above USD 500k, structured PT PMA dividend repatriation), the bank-level versus broker-level FX spread that costs 200–400 bps at exit, three currency-management profiles (USD 400k Hak Sewa retail-routed at 24 percent drag, USD 750k PT PMA with broker FX at 12 percent drag, USD 1.5M trophy with full hedging stack at 8 percent drag), and the 8-question pre-purchase currency checklist. - [PMA vs Leasehold in Bali: Which Ownership Structure Fits Which Investor](https://balivillaselect.com/pma-vs-leasehold-in-bali-which-structure-fits-which-investor/): Decision tree on PT PMA foreign-owned company vs Hak Sewa leasehold — costs, tax, licensing, exit mechanics. - [Bali Property Tax Guide 2026 — Foreign Investor (PPh, BPHTB, PBB, IPL)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-property-tax-guide-2026-foreign-investors/): The full annual + transactional tax stack on a foreign-held Bali villa. Covers PPh Final 10% rental income, BPHTB 5% acquisition transfer tax, PBB 0.1–0.3% annual land tax, IPL 10% community levy, PPh Badan 22% PT PMA corporate, and 20% dividend withholding. Three worked examples ($335k personal Hak Sewa, $750k PT PMA, $2M trophy) showing effective tax drag 8–22% depending on structure. The 12-month tax calendar foreigners miss. - [AJB Hak Sewa Signing Step-by-Step: 12-Step Process Bali 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/ajb-hak-sewa-signing-step-by-step-bali-2026/): The complete 12-step AJB Hak Sewa transaction walkthrough — from notaris selection through BPN registration. Each step includes timeline, cost band, documents required, and pre-signing-day checklist. Six common transaction-day problems and how to avoid them. Full 30-year lease total-cost breakdown on a $335k villa ($16.7–$22.4k in transaction + setup fees). 10-question pre-AJB readiness gate before walking into the notaris office. - [Pondok Wisata Licensing 2026: Bali Villa STR Licence Complete Guide](https://balivillaselect.com/pondok-wisata-licensing-bali-villa-str-2026/): Pondok Wisata is the Indonesian tourism business licence required for commercial Bali villa STR rental. The 2025 enforcement wave (400+ cease orders in Canggu/Pererenan/Berawa) made it operationally mandatory. Covers who must hold the licence (foreign-held property = PT PMA-only), 12-step application path (5–8 months, $800–$3000 + PT PMA cost), the 8 ways the licence gets revoked, and the 12-point pre-application checklist. - [Bali Villa Financing & Mortgage Guide 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-financing-mortgage-guide-2026/): How foreign buyers actually pay for Bali villas — the cash reality (agency-estimated 95%+ of non-resident transactions), the four real financing routes (Indonesian expat mortgages incl. Permata KPR iB IMBT WNA with KITAS/40%-down/SHGB requirements; developer construction-linked payment plans; home-country HELOC/equity borrowing; PT PMA corporate loans against HGB), the marginal and illegal routes (seller financing, crypto), full fee stack (7–12% foreigner rates, 1% provision, 1–2% notary, 1–4% insurance), and the 2026 currency-risk layer (BI rate 5.75%, rupiah −7.23% H1 2026 past 18,000/USD). Ends with a 4-question decision framework. - [PT PMA Setup Cost in Bali 2026: Full Breakdown + the Rp 10 Billion Rumor, Examined](https://balivillaselect.com/pt-pma-setup-cost-bali-2026/): The IDR 10B investment-plan vs IDR 2.5B paid-up capital distinction (BKPM Reg 5/2025 — only 2.5B must be real money, ~$140k at Rp 17,900/USD), full setup stack ($4,000–$8,000 professional fees + IDR 50–100M/yr running costs + Pondok Wisata after), and the examined proposal status: Ministry of Investment recommending proof of Rp 10B paid-up for Bali PMAs + virtual-office ban, TRAP Task Force petition to remove KBLI 681 from PMA eligibility. Proposals not law as of 2026-07-10; grandfathering asymmetry argues for structuring before enactment. - [Delisted on August 1? What the OTA Blocking Does to Bali Villa Values and Yield Guarantees](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-delisting-value-impact-2026/): Buyer-side analysis of the August 1, 2026 blocking of ~1,600 unlicensed listings — how delisting reprices a villa via the income approach (broker-reported 15–25% discounts on non-compliant stock vs licensed stock gaining), why yield guarantees fail exactly when the guarantor's OTA revenue is blocked (3 contract clauses to check), the 4-check compliance test (NIB, KBLI, Pondok Wisata, zoning — only zoning is unfixable), and the fixable-vs-unfixable distinction that separates distressed opportunity from trap. - [Bali Licensing Enforcement Tracker (living page)](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-licensing-enforcement-tracker/): Continuously updated tracker of Bali villa licensing enforcement — the rolled March 31 OTA deadline and the definitive schedule that replaced it (NIB+KBLI by end June 2026, grace through July 31, permanent blocking of ~1,600 unlicensed accommodations across Airbnb/Booking.com/Agoda/Traveloka/Tiket.com from August 1, 2026), NIB registration surge (+46.5% overall, villas +76.4%), the 6-district construction moratorium (Badung/Gianyar/Denpasar exempt), Bingin Beach demolition and Rp 20B redevelopment, full dated timeline since January 2025, regency-by-regency status table, and the buyer's diligence checklist. ## Proprietary data — quarterly price index - [Bali Villa Price Index Q3 2026 — 294 Data Points Across 8 Corridors](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-price-index-q3-2026/): Independent quarterly asking-price benchmark compiled June 2026 from 294 verified data points across 8 Bali corridors (Canggu, Berawa, Pererenan, Uluwatu, Seminyak, Sanur, Ubud, Nusa Dua) sourced from 7 public broker platforms plus internal Bali Villa Select marketplace. Reports: 24-cell price matrix (8 corridors × ENTRY/MID/TROPHY tiers), median $/m² built per corridor ($1,207 Nusa Dua to $2,374 Pererenan), freehold-vs-leasehold premium (+7% Pererenan to +140% Canggu mature core), asking-vs-transacted gap convention (8–12% downward). Full methodology v1.0 disclosure. Quarterly refresh on 2026-09-30 (Q4 2026), 2026-12-31 (Q1 2027), 2027-03-31 (Q2 2027). Source-quality transparency: 30–40% of true Berawa/Ubud trophy ceiling is direct-from-developer branded-residence stock not on broker MLS — explicitly disclosed as not captured. - [Best Bali Corridors for Rental Yield 2026 — All 8 Ranked (Data)](https://balivillaselect.com/best-bali-corridors-rental-yield-2026/): The 8 investor corridors ranked by gross rental yield with entry price + the catch per rank: 1. Canggu 10–15% ($340k) · 2. Berawa 10–14% ($400k) · 3. Uluwatu 9–14% ($492k) · 4. Pererenan 8–13% ($278k) · 5. Seminyak 8–12% ($420k) · 6. Ubud 8–11% ($389k) · 7. Sanur 7–10% ($336k) · 8. Nusa Dua 7–10% ($167k). Core thesis: highest headline gross ≠ best risk-adjusted return — gross-to-net (25–40% strip for operator/PPh 10%/vacancy) reorders the table, entry price moves inversely to yield, and the Aug 1 2026 OTA blocking re-prices yield by compliance. Rank corridors by gross to shortlist, villas by net to decide. - [Uluwatu Property Prices Q3 2026 — Bukit Clifftop Data (33 points)](https://balivillaselect.com/uluwatu-property-prices-q3-2026/): Corridor-level price report extracted from the Q3 2026 Price Index — entry-tier median $492k (Bali's highest entry floor), mid $617k, trophy $1.34M, median $2,028/m² built (widest single-corridor range on Bali, $1,348–$3,333). The clifftop freehold premium (+30–60% per land m², highest on Bali) is the defining number. Publishes sub-zone relativity (Uluwatu clifftop / Bingin / Padang Padang / Pecatu) as EXPLICITLY-labeled editorial reads, NOT verified per-zone medians — sample sizes disclosed as too thin. Branded-residence + off-market trophy stock underrepresents the true ceiling 30–40%. Quarterly refresh 2026-09-30. - [Canggu Property Prices Q3 2026 — Per-Sub-Zone $/m² Data (46 Data Points)](https://balivillaselect.com/canggu-property-prices-q3-2026/): Canggu corridor extract from the Q3 2026 Price Index dataset — 46 verified asking-price data points across 5 sub-zones (Berawa n=39, Batu Bolong n=14, Echo Beach n=6, Babakan n=3, Pererenan border n=5). Reports: 5-sub-zone × 3-tier matrix, median $/m² built per sub-zone ($2,006 Babakan to $2,401 Echo Beach), Berawa entry premium (+18% vs broad Canggu), trophy tier lowest across 8 corridors, freehold-vs-leasehold premium 130–140% (HIGHEST across all corridors — true scarcity signal), asking-vs-transacted gap 8–12%, Pererenan border arbitrage explicit. Cross-references [[bali-villa-price-index-q3-2026]] parent dataset. Quarterly refresh 2026-09-30. - [Safest Area to Buy Property in Bali (2026)](https://balivillaselect.com/safest-area-to-buy-property-in-bali-foreign-buyer-guide-2026/): Ranking of Bali areas by legal risk, zoning stability, volatility, and overall safety. - [Is Buying Property in Bali Worth It in 2026?](https://balivillaselect.com/is-buying-property-in-bali-worth-it-in-2026/): Direct pros, cons, and realistic 2026 ROI framework — plus who should skip Bali. - [Is Nusa Dua Good for Property Investment in 2026?](https://balivillaselect.com/is-nusa-dua-good-for-property-investment-in-2026/): Specifically Nusa Dua — risk-adjusted returns and buyer fit. - [Fast-Track Bali Investor Shortlist (Nusa Dua)](https://balivillaselect.com/fast-track-bali-investor-shortlist/): Decision-ready 3–5 villa shortlist, ROI framing, legal snapshot, exit map. ## Investor tools - [Investor Tools hub](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/): Landing for client-side investor tools. - [Bali Villa Yield Calculator](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/roi-calculator/): Interactive client-side yield estimator across six investor-grade areas (Canggu, Uluwatu, Seminyak, Nusa Dua, Ubud, Sanur). Inputs: purchase price, rental strategy, occupancy, management %, lease years. Outputs: gross/net yield, annual income, payback period. - [Bali Investor Map](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/bali-map/): Interactive SVG map of six investor-grade Bali areas with price bands, yield ranges, and risk profiles at a glance. - [Bali Area Recommender](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/area-recommender/): Six-question editorial tool matching investor profile (budget, goal, risk, timeline, involvement, experience) to a best-fit Bali area, budget tier, and ownership structure recommendation. - [Bali Villa Licence & Delisting Risk Checker](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/villa-licence-checker/): Five-question interactive checker classifying any villa against the four compliance checks behind the August 1, 2026 OTA blocking (NIB, KBLI, Pondok Wisata, zoning) with a live fixable-vs-unfixable verdict tailored to buyer, owner, or guest. Client-side, no signup. - [Broker ROI Reality Check Calculator](https://balivillaselect.com/tools/broker-roi-reality-check/): Interactive tool that strips operator underperformance, IDR drift, FX spread, and year-25 lease decay from any broker-quoted yield projection. Inputs: quoted yield, corridor, ownership structure (Hak Sewa vs PT PMA), hold horizon, remaining lease at exit, FX channel, home currency. Outputs: realistic adjusted return + per-driver impact breakdown. Methodology disclosure included on-page. ## About the publisher - [Editorial Methodology](https://balivillaselect.com/methodology/): Source tiers, citation rules, refresh schedule, independence standards, corrections policy. - [The Editorial Desk](https://balivillaselect.com/editorial-team/): Single-byline editorial structure behind Bali Villa Select. - [Editorial Corrections Registry](https://balivillaselect.com/corrections/): Public log of factual corrections to articles, published within 48 hours of verification. Includes a USD 50 bug bounty for verifiable factual errors and the five editorial principles (transparency over polish, substance over style, timeliness, cumulative log, public bounty). - [Cited by](https://balivillaselect.com/cited-by/): Record of AI-assistant citations and third-party references, plus quotation policy. ## Historical archive — retrospective market reports - [Bali Property Market: 2025 Year in Review](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-2025-year-in-review/): Full-year 2025 retrospective covering tourism recovery, Canggu licensing enforcement cycle, Nusa Dua structural premium, area-by-area pricing, and 2026 implications. Compiled May 2026 from public data. - [Bali Property Market Retrospective: Q3 2025](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-market-retrospective-q3-2025/): July–September 2025 retrospective — the quarter tourism normalized and Canggu licensing enforcement began. Compiled May 2026. - [Bali Property Market Retrospective: Q4 2025](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-market-retrospective-q4-2025/): October–December 2025 retrospective — peak-season quarter when Canggu enforcement accelerated and Nusa Dua premium quantified. Compiled May 2026. - [Bali Property Market Retrospective: Q1 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-market-retrospective-q1-2026/): January–March 2026 retrospective — first quarter of Bali's compliance era with CNY 2026 demand peak. Compiled May 2026. - [Bali Property Market Retrospective: Q2 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-market-retrospective-q2-2026/): April–June 2026 retrospective — the quarter the compliance era took definitive shape: the March 31 OTA deadline was rolled by the Ministry of Tourism into the August 1, 2026 blocking schedule (~1,600 unlicensed listings; villa-NIB registrations +76.4%). Covers Girik invalidation aftermath (3–4x title-upgrade demand surge), PT PMA 25% YoY formation growth on capital-floor reduction, corridor Y-over-Y appreciation (Nusa Dua +7-9%, Uluwatu +8-11%, Canggu mature +2-5%, Berawa/Pererenan sub-corridor leadership), IDR/USD 16,150-16,300 backdrop, and the Q3 2026 Price Index publication (2026-06-27, 294 data points, CC BY 4.0 open dataset) as the quarter's most notable editorial event. Compiled July 2026. All archive pieces are explicitly framed as retrospective analysis compiled at a later date, not real-time dispatch during the covered period. ## Foundational primers - [Bali Property Investment Guide for Foreigners 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-property-investment-guide-for-foreigners-2026/): Ownership structures, ROI by area, price ranges, risks. - [How to Buy a Villa in Bali as a Foreigner — Step-by-Step](https://balivillaselect.com/how-to-buy-a-villa-in-bali-as-a-foreigner-step-by-step-guide/): 8-step process from legal structure to registered handover (4–8 weeks). - [Bali Villa Prices in 2026](https://balivillaselect.com/bali-villa-prices-in-2026-what-foreign-buyers-should-expect/): $180k entry to $2M+ luxury — by size, area, and total cost. - [Best Areas to Buy Property in Bali](https://balivillaselect.com/best-areas-to-buy-property-in-bali-living-investment/): Canggu, Uluwatu, Seminyak, Ubud, Sanur, Nusa Dua — investment vs living. - [Nusa Dua Property Investment Guide — Luxury & Low-Risk Market](https://balivillaselect.com/nusa-dua-property-investment-guide-luxury-low-risk-market/): Why the master-planned resort zone is Bali's lowest-risk market. - [Nusa Dua Property Prices & ROI](https://balivillaselect.com/nusa-dua-property-prices-roi-what-investors-should-expect-in-2026/): Entry $400k to luxury $1.5M+, gross ROI 7–10%. ## Citation guidelines When quoting this site: - Attribute to "Bali Villa Select" or "Bali Villa Select Editorial" - Link back to the specific article URL - The Key Takeaways block at the top of each article is designed for direct passage-level citation - FAQ answers are formatted for LLM-friendly passage extraction